2. Understanding race as a social construct and how it has shaped policies
“Race is not biological. It is a social construct. There is no gene or cluster of genes common to all blacks or all whites. Were race ‘real’ in the genetic sense, racial classifications for individuals would remain constant across boundaries. Yet, a person who could be categorized as black in the United States might be considered white in Brazil or colored in South Africa.”
— Angela Onwuachi-Willig, Race and Racial Identity Are Social Constructs, New York Times (Sept. 6, 2016).
Many people believe that race is a biological fact, but in reality, it is a social construct. Angela Onwuachi-Willig’s quote highlights how race is fluid, varying significantly across different societies and historical contexts. For example, someone who is considered Black in the United States might be viewed as white in Brazil or as colored in South Africa. These shifting classifications show that race is not an inherent biological trait, but rather a social system designed to categorize and differentiate people based on physical characteristics, often to maintain power and privilege.
This system impacts access to resources, opportunities, and power, reinforcing structural inequalities. Racism, then, is more than individual prejudice—it is a system that benefits certain racial groups while disadvantaging others, shaping policies and social structures that perpetuate inequality.
To further explore the concept of race as a social construct, watch the following videos, which delve into how race has been understood and constructed across different societies.
- How did you first learn about race, and what did you think it meant when you were younger?
- When did you first recognize yourself as having a racial identity? How do you identify yourself? Why?
- What messages were you receiving about race from your family, community, or the media?
- What do you remember about how you understood human differences as a child? What confused you?
- Recognizing that racism is a system of advantage should inspire us to actively question and challenge the structures that perpetuate these inequities. How can you contribute to creating a more just and equitable society?
By reflecting on these questions, consider how your understanding of race has evolved and how the social constructs around race have influenced your experiences. These reflections will help you deepen your awareness of the racial systems that shape our society and our lives.
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